Biography of Field Marshal Walter Model, WWII German Commander

Biography of Field Marshal Walter Model, WWII German Commander Born January 24, 1891, Walter Model was the son of a music teacher in Genthin, Saxony. Seeking a military career, he entered an army officer cadet school in Neisse in 1908. A middling student, Model, graduated in 1910 and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the 52nd Infantry Regiment. Though possessing a blunt personality and often lacking tact, he proved a capable and driven officer. With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Models regiment was ordered to the Western Front as part of the 5th Division. The following year, he won the Iron Cross, First Class for his actions in combat near Arras. His strong performance in the field garnered the attention of his superiors, and he was selected for a posting with the German General Staff the following year. Leaving his regiment after the initial stages of the Battle of Verdun, Model attended the required staff courses. Returning to the 5th Division, Model became adjutant of the 10th Infantry Brigade before commanding companies in the 52nd Regiment and the 8th Life Grenadiers. Elevated to captain in November 1917, he received the House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords for bravery in combat. The following year, Model served on the staff of the Guard Ersatz Division before finishing the conflict with the 36th Division. With the end of the war, Model applied to be part of the new, small Reichswehr. Already known as a gifted officer, his application was aided by a connection to General Hans von Seeckt who was tasked with organizing the postwar army. Accepted, he aided in putting down a Communist revolt in the Ruhr during 1920. Interwar Years Settling into his new role, Model married Herta Huyssen in 1921. Four years later, he received a transfer to the elite 3rd Infantry Division where he aided in testing new equipment. Made a staff officer for the division in 1928, Model lectured widely on military topics and was promoted to major the following year. Advancing in the service, he was shifted to the Truppenamt, a cover organization for the German General staff, in 1930. Pushing hard to modernize the Reichswehr, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1932 and colonel in 1934. After serving as a battalion commander with the 2nd Infantry Regiment, Model joined the General Staff in Berlin. Remaining until 1938, he then became chief of staff for IV Corps before being elevated to brigadier general a year later. Model was in this role when World War II began on September 1, 1939. World War II Advancing as part of Colonel General Gerd von Rundstedts Army Group South, IV Corps took part in the invasion of Poland that fall. Promoted to major general in April 1940, Model served as chief of staff for Sixteenth Army during the Battle of France in May and June. Again impressing, he earned command of the 3rd Panzer Division that November. An advocate of combined arms training, he pioneered the use of kampfgruppen which saw the formation of ad-hoc units consisting of armor, infantry, and engineers. As the Western Front quieted after the Battle of Britain, Models division was shifted east for the invasion of the Soviet Union. Attacking on June 22, 1941, the 3rd Panzer Division served as part of Colonel General Heinz Guderians Panzergruppe 2. On the Eastern Front Surging forward, Models troops reached the Dnieper River on July 4, a feat which won him the Knights Cross, before executing a highly-successful crossing operation six days later. After breaking up Red Army forces near Roslavl, Model turned south as part of Guderians thrust in support of German operations around Kiev. Spearheading Guderians command, Models division linked up with other German forces on September 16 to complete the encirclement of the city. Promoted to lieutenant general on October 1, he was given command of XLI Panzer Corps which was taking part in the Battle of Moscow. Arriving at his new headquarters, near Kalinin, on November 14, Model found the corps severely hampered by the increasingly cold weather and suffering from supply issues. Working tirelessly, Model restarted the German advance and reached a point 22 miles from the city before the weather forced a halt. On December 5, the Soviets launched a massive counterattack which forced the Germans back from Moscow. In the fighting, Model was tasked with covering the Third Panzer Groups retreat to the Lama River. Skillful in defense, he performed admirably. These efforts were noticed, and in early 1942 he received command of the German Ninth Army in the Rzhev salient and was promoted to general. Though in a precarious position, Model worked to strengthen his armys defenses as well as began a series of counterattacks against the enemy. As 1942 progressed, he succeeded in encircling and destroying the Soviet 39th Army. In March 1943, Model abandoned the salient as part of a wider German strategic effort to shorten their lines. Later that year, he argued that the offensive at Kursk should be delayed until newer equipment, such as the Panther tank, was available in large numbers. Hitlers Fireman Despite Models recommendation, the German offensive at Kursk began on July 5, 1943, with Models Ninth Army attacking from the north. In heavy fighting, his troops were unable to make substantial gains against the strong Soviet defenses. When the Soviets counterattacked a few days later, Model was forced back, but again mounted a stiff defense in the Orel salient before withdrawing behind the Dnieper. At the end of September, Model left the Ninth Army and took a three month long leave in Dresden. Becoming known as Hitlers Fireman for his ability to rescue bad situations, Model was ordered to take over Army Group North in late January 1944 after the Soviets lifted the Siege of Leningrad. Fighting numerous engagements, Model stabilized the front and conducted a fighting withdrawal to the Panther-Wotan Line. On March 1, he was elevated to field marshal. With the situation in Estonia calmed, Model received orders to take over Army Group North Ukraine which was being driven back by Marshal Georgy Zhukov. Halting Zhukov in mid-April, he was shuttled along the front to take command of Army Group Centre on June 28. Facing immense Soviet pressure, Model was unable to hold Minsk or reestablish a cohesive line west of the city. Lacking troops for much of the fighting, he was finally able to halt the Soviets east of Warsaw after receiving reinforcements. Having effectively shored up the bulk of the Eastern Front during the first half of 1944, Model was ordered to France on August 17 and given command of Army Group B and made commander-in-chief of OB West (German Army Command in the West). On the Western Front Having landed in Normandy on June 6, Allied forces shattered the German position in the region during Operation Cobra. Arriving at the front, he initially wished to defend the area around Falaise, where a portion of his command was nearly encircled, but relented and was able to extricate many of his men. Though Hitler demanded that Paris be held, Model responded that it was not possible without an additional 200,000 men. As these were not forthcoming, the Allies liberated the city on August 25 as Models forces retired towards the German frontier. Unable to adequately juggle the responsibilities of his two commands, Model willingly ceded OB West to von Rundstedt in September. Establishing Army Group Bs headquarters at Oosterbeek, Netherlands, Model was successful in limiting Allied gains during Operation Market-Garden in September, and the fighting saw his men crush the British 1st Airborne Division near Arnhem. As the fall progressed, Army Group B came under attack from General Omar Bradleys 12th Army Group. In intense fighting in the HÃ ¼rtgen Forest and Aachen, American troops were forced to pay a heavy cost for each advance as they sought to penetrate the German Siegfried Line (Westwall). During this time, Hitler presented von Rundstedt and Model with plans for a massive counter-offensive designed to take Antwerp and knock the western Allies out of the war. Not believing the plan to be feasible, the two unsuccessfully offered a more limited offensive option to Hitler. As a result, Model moved forward with Hitlers original plan, dubbed Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein (Watch on the Rhine), on December 16. Opening the Battle of the Bulge, Models command attacked through the Ardennes and initially made swift gains against the surprised Allied forces. Combating poor weather and acute shortages of fuel and ammunition, the offensive was spent by December 25. Pressing on, Model continued attacking until January 8, 1945, when he was forced to abandon the offensive. Over the next several weeks, Allied forces steadily reduced the bulge the operation had formed in the lines. Final Days Having angered Hitler for failing to capture Antwerp, Army Group B was directed to hold every inch of ground. Despite this proclamation, Models command was steadily pushed back to and across the Rhine. The Allied crossing of the river was made easier when German forces failed to destroy the key bridge at Remagen. By April 1, Model and Army Group B were encircled the Ruhr by the US Ninth and Fifteenth Armies. Trapped, he received orders from Hitler to turn the region into a fortress and destroy its industries to prevent their capture. While Model ignored the latter directive, his attempts at defense failed as Allied forces cut Army Group B in two on April 15. Though asked to surrender by Major General Matthew Ridgway, Model refused. Unwilling to surrender, but not wishing to throw away the lives of his remaining men, Model ordered Army Group B dissolved. After discharging his youngest and oldest men, he told the remainder that they could decide for themselves whether to surrender or attempt to break through the Allied lines. This move was denounced by Berlin on April 20, with Model and his men being branded as traitors. Already contemplating suicide, Model learned that the Soviets intended to prosecute him for alleged war crimes pertaining to concentration camps in Latvia. Departing his headquarters on April 21, Model attempted to seek death at the front with no success. Later in the day, he shot himself in a wooded area between Duisburg and Lintorf. Initially buried there, his body was moved to a military cemetery in Vossenack in 1955.

10 Fundamental Ways To Boost Your Facebook Organic Reach By 193% - CoSchedule Blog

10 Fundamental Ways To Boost Your Facebook Organic Reach By 193% Blog Frustrated with your Facebook organic reach? You aren’t alone. Facebook marketing has changed a lot over the past few years.  The days are gone when you could throw up a Facebook post and then sit back and do nothing while tons of engagement filled your page. Now most brands are lucky if 10% of their fans see their posts in the news feed. But we can help! At Facebook’s F8 conference in April, everyone finally learned how the news feed algorithm actually works.  What’s the bottom line? Facebook wants marketers to step up their game. If you want to increase your organic reach on Facebook, I encourage you to be laser-focused on a proven strategy that works. 10 Fundamental Ways To Boost Your #Facebook Organic Reach By 193% via @PostPlannerWhat is organic reach on Facebook? Its a measurement of how many folks see your organic content. In this post, I’m going to show you how to DOUBLE your Facebook organic reach. How do I know you can do this? Because we did it.  Our Post Planner Facebook page  grew 193% from January 1, 2015–December 31, 2015. 193% is a crazy number. At the time I’m writing this, we are at 379,000 fans. And yes, it’s 99% organic growth. Simply Measured, the most respected data analysis tool, analyzed the insane growth on our page.  They recently completed their case study, and we compiled an ebook with their results. You can read more about that here- Case Study: How to Grow Your Facebook Page by 193%. Every tip in this post comes straight from our playbook.  These are the strategies we used to more than double our own Facebook organic reach. We hope you use these strategies to blow up your own page, too. Let’s get started! 1. Find The Right Content Mix For Your Audience As a Facebook marketer, you’ve probably read a few articles about how to find the type of content that resonates with your audience. If your content doesn’t click, your fans aren’t going to engage with it.  If your fans don’t engage with it, you’re going to struggle with growing your reach. But think about this- the success of your content goes beyond the value it provides.  Let me explain what I mean. It’s important to choose the right mix of content and post it in the right order.  In other words, you want to post the right content to the right audience at the right time. Josh Parkinson, Post Planner CEO, talks about this a lot in our Social Media Bootcamp  training every week.  On our page, we typically alternate between engaging photos (ie. funny pictures) and links. We find the engaging photos in Post Planner. Each time someone likes, comments, or shares that engaging content,  they send a signal to Facebook that they want to see more of our content. This helps us get seen more in the news feed when we post the links that go back to our blog. Your fans are people, and people like to be entertained. They want you to show your personality. And, they want to know you’re real. Your fans want to see your personality, be entertained, and know you're real.For the past few months, we’ve also started tossing a Facebook Live video into the mix several times a week, too. It humanizes our brand and lets people see behind the scenes. Are you just posting links on your page? If so, you’re most likely not getting the engagement you want. Consider mixing up the variety of your content. Once you find the right formula for your audience, you’ll keep them coming back for more! 2. Get To Know Your Facebook Insights Inside And Out Test your content often. Dig into your Facebook Insights like crazy. Get to know each page of your Insights inside and out. But don’t just read the data. Learn from it. Learn what each metric means and how to interpret the numbers. Here's an example of  Facebook Insights: Most of all, learn how to use the info in your Insights to make data-driven decisions about your Facebook marketing. Be agile and quick to change your strategy as needed. The content that worked well last week might fall flat this week. A wise woman once said, â€Å"Amateurs guess, professionals know.† Take the guesswork out of your Facebook marketing by attacking your Insights like a pitbull! 3. Use Visual Marketing As Eye Candy To Stand Out In The News Feed I’m not talking about just posting photos. As a sophisticated marketer, you already know the power of using photos on Facebook. According to Buzzsumo, Facebook posts with images get 2.3 times more engagement than those without images. I’m talking about using visual marketing to tell your story and to communicate your brand’s message.  Visual marketing has become a force to be reckoned with on Facebook! It’s no longer an option to post visual content on Facebook. It’s become necessary for marketers to at least learn the basics of image creation. There are so many ways to use visual marketing to grow your Facebook page: Create branded quote images. Pull tips from your blog posts and put them on images. Use powerful imagery to develop thought leadership in your niche. Use visual marketing as eye candy to stand out in the news feed. Choose any of the easy-to-use apps that are available, and you’ll be creating branded images in a minute or two. Here’s a post with the apps we like to use to create images: 13 tools for creating engaging Facebook images. This list is a good place to start if you’re looking for help with this! For example, here’s a simple image we created. It lists the five  things we consider when creating viral quote images for Facebook. Recommended Reading:  How To Make The Best Social Media Images The Easy Way (+ 84 Free Images) 4. Show People You’re Listening And Paying Attention Nobody wants to go to a Facebook page, leave a comment, and then hear crickets. Instead, they want to feel special! Real people want to connect with other real people. They want to know you’re approachable. Most of all, they want to know you’re paying attention to your page. Once they know you’re listening, they’ll be more likely to visit your page and engage with your content again. When someone takes the time to interact with your page, acknowledge it. Even if all you do is â€Å"like† their comment, you’ve still acknowledged it. Facebook reach tip #4: Respond  when your fans mention you.5. Recycle Your Evergreen Content If you’re trying to increase your Facebook organic reach, this is important! It’s one of the cornerstones of our 193% page growth. Evergreen content is the content you create that never gets old. It stands the test of time, and it remains relevant and useful to your fans. Recommended Reading:  How To Make And Repurpose Evergreen Content To Get 283% More Results Each time that content posts on your Facebook page, it reaches a new audience. At Post Planner, we have around 500 evergreen blog posts that rotate on our page. Not only do these posts consistently drive traffic to our website, but they continue to build thought leadership in our niche. There’s a recycle feature within the Post Planner app. We just click the recycle button, and then we don’t have to think about it again. Each time a piece of evergreen content posts, it goes to the bottom of the list to post again someday. If you have a library of evergreen content (even if it’s just 10 or 15 posts), start recycling on your Facebook page. It will contribute to your page growth and become a consistent source of website traffic for you! 6. Be Strategic About Your Posting Times There are lots of opinions about the best posting times on Facebook. The way we see  it at Post Planner, nobody knows the best times to post on your page except you. You are the only one with access to your Insights. Posting at the right time can mean the difference between going viral and not being noticed at all. Posting at the right time makes the difference between virality and not being noticed.The key here is to make this decision based on your data. If you have an online business and your audience is global, look at the times you’ve selected. Are there any holes that need to be filled? Some marketers suggest posting at peak times when people are on Facebook. Others suggest posting at non-peak times since there’s less competition in the news feed. We suggest that you test different times to see what works best on your page. Even if you only test this for a few weeks, you’ll start to see patterns emerge in your Insights. Remember, the best times to post on your page might not be the times when you are typically on Facebook. Be flexible and open to change. Recommended Reading:  What 16 Studies Say About The Best Times To Post On Social Media At Post Planner, we oftentimes post at 45 minutes past the hour. We do this because people have appointments and meetings during the day that begin at the top of the hour. In the few minutes before those meetings start, what do they do? Yep, they grab their phones. We want our post to be sitting there waiting for them in their news feed when that happens. So far, this posting strategy has worked well for us. 7. Work To Become A  Valuable Resource In Your Niche We all have those go-to Facebook pages we count on for valuable info in our industry. They are the pages that always have something interesting to share, and they help us stay up-to-date about what’s going on. Make it your goal to be a valuable resource like that for your niche. How do you go about doing that? Here are three actionable steps you can take today to start moving in in that direction: Think about the problems your fans/users are facing. Be empathetic about their struggles. Solve their problems. Be the SOLUTION. Share other people’s content. By doing so, you show your audience that your focus is on them, not you. Share a piece of content that will be valuable to them (even if it doesn’t direct them back to your website or blog). Give away your knowledge. Don’t hold back. Give people a reason to like your page and engage with your content. Share your secret sauce. Doing this will establish thought leadership and exude confidence! Recommended Reading:  How To Schedule Your Social Media Content Curation For Massive Growth 8. Plan Your Content In Advance If your audience loses interest in your page,  you’ll lose your ability to increase your Facebook organic reach. It’s a tough pill to swallow when you’re working hard to post high quality content consistently. That’s why it’s so important to plan your content in advance. If you plan and schedule your content ahead of time, you can be more strategic about each piece of content you post. These are the five  types of content we’ve talked about in this post so far: Your own website or blog content Other people’s content Branded images Funny pictures Facebook Live video What kind of content can you curate or create for each one of those categories? Prepare and plan that content in advance. In doing so, you’ll always be confident in knowing that the right piece of content is going out at the right time- consistently. You’ll also avoid the stress of trying to find content to post at the last minute. 9. Consider Posting More Than You’re Posting Now Like I mentioned at the beginning, Simply Measured’s case study shows that our page grew 193% in 2015. 99% of that growth was organic. But even more interesting was learning that 65% of that growth was from October–December. What did we change during those last three  months of 2015? We increased our posting frequency by 29%. During the first nine  months of 2015, we averaged 247 posts per month. But during October–December, we averaged 319 posts per month. The last thing a Facebook marketer wants is for fans to hide their posts or unlike their page. But what if your fans are craving more from you?  What if you could increase your Facebook organic reach by simply posting more frequently? Increasing your Facebook posting frequency can increase your reach.At Post Planner, it was a risk we were willing to take, and it paid off. I’d like encourage you to test this strategy on your own page. Watch your Insights along the way. 10. Post Audience-Tested Content Anytime you can post audience-tested (proven) content on Facebook, you’ll be setting yourself up for success. If a piece of content has already been successful on Facebook, then chances are, it will be successful again. This theory can be applied to different types of content. For example, look in your Insights to see which blog posts have gotten the most reach. Those are posts that resonate with your audience. Be sure to post those again. Here's an example of how used a Twitter Poll to collect almost instant feedback to find  audience-tested content ideas: All the content within Post Planner is audience-tested and ranked with our 5-star rating system. Whether you’re choosing a funny picture or a trending article in your niche, you can look at the star rating to see how likely it is that it will perform well on your page. It’s predictive content. It takes even more of the guesswork out of trying to figure out what content will work on your page and what content won’t. Final Thoughts On Facebook Organic Reach Increasing Facebook organic reach has gotten tricky- but it’s definitely still do-able! No matter how you look at it, you’ll need to be savvy and agile to get seen more in the news feed and noticed by your fans. The tips in this post are the exact things we did to increase our Facebook organic reach 193% in 2015. We hope you’ll take these strategies and apply them to your own page! And we’d love to hear about your Facebook journey and your results along the way. If you’d like to get more detailed info about what you can do to double your Facebook organic reach, consider reading our free ebook. We put it together using the case study data provided by Simply Measured. You can grab your copy at 10 Data-Driven Ways to Grow Your Facebook Page by 193%. Thank you for reading my post and happy Facebooking!

MY MAJOR (Architecture) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MY MAJOR (Architecture) - Essay Example responds in some measure to some external or prevailing cultural climates when making their designs, hence overtime it has emerged that architecture is a cultural artifact reflecting the nature of that culture.(Fawcett, 1998) Over the years since Vitruvius writing at the time of the founding of the Roman Empire, Ii has been recognized that an appreciation of the role of architecture is essential to the understanding of the art of architecture itself. Vitruvius in his time identified that there are three basic important components of architecture as firmitas, utilitas and venustas. These three words were later described by Sir Henry Wooton in the seventeenth century to mean firmness, commodity and delight respectively (MacDonald, 1994) Commodity is in the Vitruvian qualities referred to the practical functioning of the building structure. It means the practical functioning of the building will require that the spaces provided for in the structure is actually of use and serves the purpose for which the building was built. Firmness is the most basic quality. It encompasses the buildings ability to preserve a high physical integrity and survive in the world as a physical object. The part of the building involved mostly in firmness is its structure, without structure there is no building and hence no commodity. The final quality is delight, this simply referrers to the beauty of the structure including the beauty of the external environment and the interior design. In order to appreciate fully the qualities of the work of the architecture, the observer or critique should at least know something on its structural makeup. (MacDonald, 1994) The architect as a person should be well conversant with the various disciplines of life; he or she should be well equipped with the numerous branches and the varied kinds of learning, for it is through his or her judgments that all the works of art is put to test (Morgan, 2014). This knowledge then becomes the ‘child’ of

Examples of Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Examples of Power - Essay Example Different forms of power have been described along with personal experiences. An interview with a CEO of a company has been described. In the end, some suggestions have been given as to how leaders and managers can exercise power appropriately. Power enables the leader to define out his position within the organization and his relationship with the subordinates (Papa, Daniels & Spiker, 2008). If power is not recognized and used properly, that results in anarchy with the organization that not only destroys leader-member relationship but also results in imperfect organizational outcomes. Power is not a central idea for leaders only, but the fact is that every position in the organization has some power with which it controls some of the organizational goals and makes effective decisions (Papa, Daniels & Spiker, 2008). Bal et al. (2008, p.12) have identified three important ways in which power influences the organization. According to them, power is used to promote one’s own agenda, promote someone else’s agenda, or to promote the organization’s agenda. Power promotes one’s own agenda in a way that the person gives priority to his tasks; he tries to impose his own rules and regulations; and, he takes measures to look after his position. Power also promotes another person’s agenda when the person in power introduces someone in the network or refers him to somebody. Power is also used to promote organizational agenda through measures taken to improve communication and relationship among employees and with leaders. This power is not based on self-interests, and focuses on improving employee development through improving inter-personal relationships at workplace. Complexities in power also have a lot of influence in leader-member relationships (Papa, Daniels & Spiker, 2008). According to Sweeney and McFarlin (2001), complexities arise when the person in power exhibits political behavior like trying to attempt personal gains by violating

Design Thinking Essay -- creative problem resolution

Design thinking is a process for practical, creative resolution of problems or issues that looks for an improved future result. It is the essential ability to combine empathy, creativity and rationality to meet user needs and drive business success. Unlike analytical thinking, design thinking is a creative process based around the building up of ideas. There are no judgments early on the design thinking (Simon, 1969, p. 55). Design thinking includes imagination and reason, a combination of convergent and divergent thought, and creativity. Design thinking might be thought of as dialectic, or conversation. It involves design wisdom, judgment, and knowledge. Lastly, design thinking is skill (Hegeman, 2008). Design thinking process has eight generation stages: observation or analysis, framework, imperative or facts, solutions or alternatives, alternative evaluation and concept selection, implementation, construction, and post occupancy evaluation. Within these eight stages, problems can be framed, the right questions can be asked, more idea can be created, and the best answers can be chosen. The steps aren’t linear; they occur simultaneously and can be repeated. Although design is always subject to personal taste, design thinkers share a common set of value the drive innovation: these value are meanly creativity, ambidextrous thinking, teamwork, and user focus curiosity (Owen, 1993). Client(s) may be in the first stage of our design thinking sequences (Archer, 1984, p. 67), and then the designer job is to explore what is the problem, what do we want, what do they need: to produce a design to meet the requirements. The initial design problem presented to the designer may be poorly and incompletely described (McDonnell, 1997, p. 45... ...as a Learning Process: Embedding Design Thinking. California Management Review, 50(1), 24-56. Retrieved from: http://epic.hpi.uni-potsdam.de/pub/Home/TrendsAndConceptsII2008/2_InnovationAsLearningProcess.pdf. Cross, N. (2006). Designerly Ways of Knowing. London, Springer-Verlag. Hegeman, J. (2008). The Thinking Behind Design. Master Thesis submitted to the school of design, Carngie Mellon University. Retrieved from: http://jamin.org/portfolio/thesis-paper/thinking-behind-design.pdf. McDonnell, J. (1997). Descriptive models for interpreting design. Design Studies, 18, 457-473. Owen, C. (1993). Considering Design Fundamentally. Design Process Newsletter, 5(3), 2. Oxman, R. (1997). Design by re-representation: a model of visual reasoning in design. Design studies, 18, 329-347. Simon, H. (1969). The Science of the Artificial. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Increased Prices of Necessary Goods and Inflation Affecting the Poor Working Class People

Research Paper Increased prices of necessary goods and Inflation affecting the poor working class people. Submitted By Minhazur Rahman Course: ENG -105 Abstract Global food price has shot up in the last years that have been succeeded by an extraordinary global economic down-turn; Rich, mid and poor economies are affected largely in terms of erosion of growth, shrunk investment and lessening of job creation. The global food crises and the economic recession in the major economies have created a complex scenario whereby food price may not stabilize creating erosion of income of the common mass and making investment more costly.This is presenting tremendous challenge to countries like Bangladesh which is plunged further in economic deprivation and stagnation. The bad impacts of high prices on food stuff is devastating the on the poor producers, wage laborers and consumers in our country. These people are surviving very harshly in these dire situations and are having many difficulties li ving their lives. This paper is the outcome of a research conducted to analyze the impact of price hike over lower working class people.The Research consists of the Introduction containing Background of the Research, Areas of the Research, Hypothesis, Methodology, Data Analysis, Findings, and Recommendations. The purpose of the research was to identify what are their actual problems these people are facing because of price hikes and high inflation. TABLE OF CONTENT 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4| 2. Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5| 3. Areas of research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6| 4. Hypothesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦ 6| 5. Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7| 6.Review of literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8| 7. Key terms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8| 8. Limitations†¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9| 9. Primary data presentation and analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10| 10. Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 24| 11. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 25| 12. Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . †¦ 26 13. Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 27| Introduction Since early 2007, Bangladesh has been experiencing a rising rate of inflation particularly in food grain at the backdrop of global hike of food grain prices.The rising inflation has become a major threat to people from all segments of the society. This higher inflationary trend does not bode well with respect to the socio-economic progress, particularly, on the poor and vulnerable groups. Rapidly higher food inflation has made it difficult for the low income households to carry on with their daily basic expenditures. According to the World Bank, four million people have been pushed below the poverty line due to abnormal rise in food price.Another statistics of the World Bank shows that between January 2010 and March 2011, the gross income of the poor decreased by 46. 7 percent mainly due to surge of food items, pushing 3 million households below the poverty line. Even the bumper boro harvest could not save the people from the grip of high inflation. On the other hand, the adverse impact of inflation has created a stumbling block to macroeconomic stability and curtailed the pace of economic growth, which is necessary to poverty reduction and meeting other development challenges and goals.This research shows what problems the low earning people in our country are facing right now because of the inflation and the increasing food prices. This also shows that what are the foods they are likely to consume and the prices trend of those foods over a period of years. This shows that how much the price of necessary foods has gone up rapidly. 1. 1Background Bangladesh is a very populated country and most of the people of our country are below the poverty line so we have lots of people with very little income or with no income at all.This sets a problem for the government to maintain food prices so that those people can feed themselves. This is one of the biggest challenges each government of our country has to accomplish but sadly none of them were ever able to defeat it, not only that the prices of everything is going up as there is a global crisis going on. Global crisis is also increasing our inflation rate and because of that the food prices of our country is going up and up. Also the amount of food needed to feed the country is increasing thus slots of food have to be bought from outside the country such as India, Vietnam, Ukraine etc.Because of this our imports are getting higher than export thus we have a bad GDP than most of the countries in Asia. It is obvious nowadays that the price of everything ranging from essential daily commodities to transportation, educational, medical and other expenses are increasing. According to the study, as a consequence of the price hike, the majority (97. 7 perce nt) of people of Dhaka metropolitan city and other parts of the country are facing deep trouble in coping with the situation. In Dhaka city 43. percent of the people think that because of price increase almost everything, they are encountering economic hardship. To help people to overcome this economic crisis Government should come forward and take steps against this price hike. The low earning people are therefore having problems leading a normal life; they are facing tremendous hardships such as they have to buy food that is very low in quality thus they are getting less amount of nutrition, they cannot afford any kind of fruits for themselves or their family even if they can they are not so good.Also they are not able to buy good clothes for themselves or their family and not only these they can’t afford education for their children as they already have so little income that they can hardly feed the whole family. So they are being stripped from all sorts of happiness a nor mal human being can have and when asked they say that it is a curse to be born poor as there is very little help from them. 1. 2 AREAS OF RESEARCH In this section, I will discuss about the areas of research that I have studied.For working on it comfortably and getting my intended and expected result, I have prepared several questions, which helped me a lot for working on my survey. The whole questionnaires was based on the people with low income and there problems. From this questions I found out that people with low income are having difficulties leading there life and hardships they are facing to overcome this problems. This inflation and high prices of foods are forcing them to survive with a very little amount of food and commodities they require.While doing this research my overall analysis was correct that the people with low income are living in terrible conditions. My respondents were local people from where I live that is in Mohammadpur, here different levels of people live from poor to rich it easy to find any category of people you like. So it was not hard for me to go through this interview, my primary focus was on the Rickshaw Pullers, Garments Workers, CNG & Taxi Drivers & Security Guards with a variable age difference with a range of 15 to 50.As most of them were illiterate I had to translate each and every query for them and so were the results of the questionnaires. I interviewed a total of 40 eligible people that fit into my profile and gathered the other required information to complete this research. 1. 3 Hypothesis Majority of the people of our country is this low earning people so high inflation and increases food prices is making their life hard to live. 1. 4 Methodology Primary Source: – Through Questionnaire – Interviews with general people Survey respondents: 40 people- targeted segment is general low income earning people with ages between 15 to 50Secondary Source: – Websites – Newspaper archive in web – Articles and other reports At the beginning I searched the web for relevant resources and took some ideas for my research and later with that knowledge I developed the questionnaires and conducted the interviews and later started compiling the primary and the secondary data to complete this research paper. 1. 5 Review of Literature My secondary data includes online article and journals, government report on inflation also some independent research conducted by various NGO’s. This research is based on the primary data that I collected using the ideas of those secondary researches.As is this topic is a very vast one and it changes form area to area but the base of the facts remains the same but more sample would have been better to make it a good quality research paper. For the research I used data from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Bangladesh Bank, and World Bank. From here I used the information about the prices of the foods and other necessary goods. For research I used different journals such as the journal written by Shamsu Uddin Shakib in the European Journal of Business and Management regarding the high inflation of Bangladesh and it causes an affects.Also for the research I used one article Iqbal Ahmed on regarding the Inflationary Trend in Bangladesh and Impact on High Food Commodity Prices. Here the writer has shown how the inflation is affecting all the people of Bangladesh this paper is done with the help of a sponsor from a NGO as it is a national level paper. 1. 6 Key terms Inflation: Inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. Commodity: A commodity is the generic term for any marketable item produced to satisfy wants or needs.GDP: Gross Domestic Product is the market value of all officially recognized final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. 1. 7 LIMITATION While preparing this research paper I had faced a number of problems. Some of these had very little effect on the paper while other ones caused my research to be limited. The first limitation is I could not do my survey to the whole population for my primary research. I did my primary survey on my area and most of the people did not want to answer the questions. Besides, I had difficulty finding necessary information in the internet related with my topic.The secondary sources were very limited. Lastly because of being inexperience I might have not been able to organize all the materials properly. 2 Primary data presentation and analysis For my primary research, I collected data from 30 male and 10 female respondents, aged between15-50 years. I conduct this survey within the married and unmarried people who have similar social positions. The â€Å"Data Analysis† section is an explanation of data gathered from the primary research. My respondents were: PART: A (Questionnaires) Q1. What is your highest Qualification?When I asked this question I k new that I was going to get this kind of result with 20 people who are illiterate, 14 people who passed class – 5, 4 people who passed class – 8, and 1 person SSC and 1 person HSC graduate but still they are earning very low level income. Q2. Want kind of Job do you do? Well it was my choice actually, to get a more accurate result I interviewed 14 rickshaw puller, 10 garments worker, 6 drivers, and 10 security guards. Q3. Are you married of not? This question was conducted in order to know the number of family member they have. Q4. What is number of total family members that live in your household?Here we can see that 13 people has a family of 4 people, but there is 16 people who has 5 people family, and 9 people who has 6 family members and 2 people with a family of 8 or more people. So here we can see a total of 202 people who are depended on maybe one or sometimes 2 bread winners for the family. PART B Q1. What is your total family income? This shows that there is 2 1 people who are earning less than 4000 Tk, 11 people who are earning less than 6000 Tk, 5 people are earning less than 8000 Tk and just a lucky few among this group of people is earning 8000Tk or more.This shows that how low amount of salary they are getting but still they are doing a very hard work compared to middle class people. This shows that how bad the state of our countries low earning people. Q2. What is your total family expense? When asked this question many of them were not sure how much to say but after a while they gave me the answers which shows that 23 of the people spend less than 3000 Tk, 10 people 5000 Tk, 6 people 7000 Tk and only one person spends 7000 Tk.When asked why they do not spend all of the money they say that most of the time they do have to spend it all but they sometimes are able to save some money for some other extra use. Q3. How many hours of work do you do each day? As we can see from the above chart that most of the people have to work more than the usual amount of work that should be done by a normal person, because as they have every little knowledge they are required to do multiple jobs sometimes overtimes as a result they tend to work more than the natural working hour which is 8 hours.Q4. What is the total amount of money you spend on food? This chart shows that these people are spending most of their salary on food, 15 people is spending 1500tk as they have a pretty low income, 13 people spends 3000tk, 7 people spends 4000tk, and only 2 people spends 5000tk. Here it clearly shows that as these people has low income so they are forced to spend less on food and they are spending the most amount of money on the food. # The relationship between the number of family members and the amount of money they spend on food.This graph clearly shows that as the number of family members increases the amount of money spent in buying food increases thus making a clear assumption that more number of people will require more food and m ore money is therefore required to feed a large family, which increases more difficulty of the bread winners and they have to work more hours as shown in previous charts. So one way to reduce this spending can be done by giving birth to less number of kids as a result there will be less amount of mouths to feed also the population will get lower Q5.What food items do you consume and how much of it? This chart shows the average percentage of food items they consume in order to survive. A total of 40 percent of food out of 100 percentages is rice as rice is the most common staple food of our country. Than the potato it is because it is cheap and it provides lots of energy and therefore it is eaten a lot, then the other staple foods that the people consume. The food items that they consume are of very low quality and that’s why they are available at a cheaper rate. Q6. What are the other areas that you spend your money other than food?This chart shows that after they buy their f ood the rest of money rather getting the opportunity of saving it, it is required in other places such as the rent, medicine and doctors, clothing and education. These are the general areas that they spend next to the food. Rent is the highest among all of this because the living cost in Dhaka city is increasing rapidly and to make sure that there is a roof above their head they are sometimes willing to pay the rent before they go and buy the food. Even in the slums the rent is getting higher rapidly so much of the income goes into paying the rent after food expenses.Doctors & Medicines Usually this entire people receive a very low class treatment. All of them have to go to the cheap government hospital which has a very well reputation in providing the worst kind of treatments. Also they cannot afford good medications as a result they become sicker and are more prone to catch diseases. If the government made some efforts to at least improve the quality of the hospitals and provi de good generic medications at a cheaper rate than they would be able to save some money. ClothingThe people that I researched on are low income people no naturally they have a very low budget for clothing. Most of the times the clothes they wear are given by the people to them as charity or the wear 2nd hand clothes or clothes which are of very poor quality. Education Education is the most important requirement for a nation to grow but most of the people I interviewed are illiterate or just primary graduate. Also most of the children of these people do not go to school as they have to pay the fees so they don’t want to waste their money school. Some of the children go o school but they dropout early to help earn money for the family. The ones that remain they hardly pass the PSC, JSC or SSC exams and starts working. Inflation and Food prices trend of the last 4 years This graph shows the general inflation that is the inflation of everything all over the country and the infla tion of the food price over a period of 4 years. It shows that during 2008 and 2009 the general inflation increased 1. 5% more and food price inflation to 2. 8%, this shows that the problem of inflation is not recent but we all were suffering since 2008.But in 2010 there was a small hike in general inflation and the food price inflation reduced but in 2011 due to some social and political turmoil the food price inflation during shot up more than 2. 8% as a result the price of food increased drastically. This graph shows the price of some common food that everyone consumes but the quality of the products are of low grade as this research is about the low income earning people so is the price of this products but still this is high enough for these people.As we can see that during the year 2008 there was a price hike in both rice and atta this was because of the global financial crisis, because the amount of rice that is produced in our country is not enough so we import most of our r ice from Vietnam and Ukraine and due to the global recession Bangladesh also suffered the impact of recession as result our exports decreased but our imports increased as the population has also increased.Than in later years it stabilized but in 2011 it again hiked because of some political unrest in our country and also there was a breakdown of relationship with the neighboring countries as a result we took a huge hit. But for potato it was not a problem because we produce a lot of potatoes enough to the poor people of our country. 3 Recommendation It is obvious nowadays that the price of everything ranging from essential daily commodities to transportation, educational, medical and other expenses are increasing.To help people to overcome this economic crisis people from all walks of life should come forward and take necessary steps against this price hikes. Following steps should be taken Quick action: 1) To control price of commodity deposit rate and lending rate of Banks should control. 2) Provide more importance to agriculture sector. 3) Control Business syndicate as well as stockiest who create artificial crises in market. 4) Provide micro credit facility by government. The interest rate of that disbursement should not more than 6%. ) Import duties of fundamental goods have to deduct. 6) Consider corporate tax rate. 7) Established government regulated mega shop. 8) Tax rate of medical instrument & medicine should minimum. Long run Action: 1) To remove unemployment problem seek different sources of sector. 2) Utilize our natural gas directly by government. 3) Growth rate of population control. 4) Indifferent monetary policy provides both public & private sector. 5) Overall control of malpractice. 6) Reduction of corruption. Conclusion High inflation is not good for any country it holds a nation back.This inflation does not only harms the low income people but also everyone in the country, this affects everyone this decreases the living standards o f people. As I have shown high inflation limits the low income people they all live a very hard life, they buy very less amount of food as they have to pay the rent to live under a roof they constantly need medications as their living conditions are very bad and if they have enough money left they try to buy some new clothes or send their kids to school but many of them are not lucky enough. Most of their income is only enough for just rent and food.Because they already have low income and this high inflation is causing the prices of food and other commodities to increase rapidly as shown earlier, so they have no other choice but to live a very hard life. References 1. Shakib. S. U. ,( 2012) European Journal of Business and Management ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online) Vol 4, No. 3, http://www. iiste. org 2. Ahmed, I. (February 2008) Inflation and the Poor in Bangladesh, Policy Analysis Unit, Bangladesh Bank, pdf http://www. bdprices. org/article/jan_11/meu_jan_2011. pdf 3. Ahmed, I. (n. ) Inflationary Trend in Bangladesh and Impact on High Food Commodity Prices. pdf. http://www. bdprices. org/journal/jun_10/meu_jun_2010. pdf 4. Bangladesh Economic Update, (2011). http://www. unnayan. org/reports/meu/june_11/meu_jun_2011. pdf. 5. Consumer Price Indexes, (April 2011). http://www. bbs. gov. bd/home. aspx 6. Engendering Development: Through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources and Voice, A co publication of the World Bank and Oxford University Press. 2002 7. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. (2011) Inflation & Price trends http://www. bbs. gov. bd/home. aspx Appendix

A Guide to Using Important Japanese Gestures Properly

While language is a major way of communicating between cultures, a lot of information is packed in-between the lines. In every culture, there are subtleties to pay attention to in order to abide by social customs and rules of politeness. Here is a breakdown on important gestures in Japanese culture, from the right way to sit on a tatami mat to how to point at yourself.   The Proper Way to Sit on Tatami The Japanese have traditionally sat on tatami (a padded straw mat) at their homes. However, many homes today are completely Western in style and dont have Japanese style rooms with tatami. Many young Japanese are no longer able to sit properly on a tatami. The proper way of sitting on tatami is called seiza. Seiza requires that one bends the knees 180 degrees, tuck your calves under your thighs and sit on your heels. This can be a difficult posture to maintain if you are not used to it. This sitting posture requires practice, preferably from an early age. It is considered polite to sit seiza-style on formal occasions. Another more relaxed way of sitting on tatami is cross-legged (agura). Starting with legs out straight and folding them in like triangles. This posture is usually for men. Women would usually go from the formal to an informal sitting posture by shifting their feet just off to the side (iyokozuwari). Though most Japanese do not concern themselves with it, it is proper to walk without stepping in the edge of the tatami. The Right Way to Beckon in Japan The Japanese beckon with a waving motion with the palm down and the hand flapping up and down at the wrist. Westerners may confuse this with a wave and not realize they are being beckoned. Although this gesture (temaneki) is used by both men and women and all age groups, it is considered rude to beckon a superior this way. Maneki-neko is a cat ornament that sits and has its front paw raised as if it is calling for someone. It is believed to bring good luck and displayed in restaurants or other business in which customer turnover is important. How to Indicate Yourself (Who, Me?) The Japanese point to their noses with a forefinger to indicate themselves. This gesture is also done when wordlessly asking, who, me? Banzai Banzai literally means ten thousand years (of life). It is shouted during happy occasions while raising both arms. People shout banzai to express their happiness, to celebrate a victory, to hope for longevity and so on. It is commonly done together with a large group of people. Some non-Japanese confuse banzai with a war cry. It is probably because the Japanese soldiers shouted Tennouheika Banzai when they were dying during World War II. In this context, they meant Long live the Emperor or Salute the Emperor.